Household and Agricultural Expenditure Inequality among Orange/Tangerine Farmers in Punten Village, Batu City

We are thrilled to announce that our paper titled "Household and Agricultural Expenditure Inequality among Orange/Tangerine Farmers in Punten Village, Batu City" has been published in the Journal of Authentic Research, authored by Maharani Putri Syalwani and me. 

This study analyses household consumption and agricultural production expenditures among orange/tangerine farmers in Punten Village, Batu City, and identifies the expenditure categories in which inequality is most pronounced. 

This paper uses a cross-sectional survey that was conducted from February to April 2024 using a census of all 43 eligible farmers who had converted from apple to orange/tangerine cultivation. Expenditures for food, non-food items, annual lump-sum household needs, and agricultural production were recorded for the preceding 12 months. Then, distributional inequality was assessed using descriptive statistics, Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and Palma ratios. 


Our findings show that inequality is substantially higher for non-food, lump-sum, and farm-production spending than for food consumption. Gini coefficient for combined expenditure was 0.31, while category-specific coefficients were 0.24 for food, 0.49 for non-food expenditure, 0.42 for agricultural production, and 0.46 for annual lump-sum expenditure. The overall Palma ratio was 1.018. 

The findings provide a descriptive baseline for understanding expenditure disparities in a horticultural community, while causal explanations and policy prescriptions require larger, comparative, and multivariate studies.


How to cite:

Syalwani, M. P. ., & Soseco, T. (2026). Household and Agricultural Expenditure Inequality among Orange/Tangerine Farmers in Punten Village, Batu City. Journal of Authentic Research, 5(3), 6805-6821. https://doi.org/10.36312/nycpye54

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