The Impact of Global Economic Shocks on Inflation and Unemployment: A Macroeconomic and Household-Level Perspective
Globalisation has made national economies increasingly interconnected, so economic crises, wars, commodity price shocks, and geopolitical conflicts occurring in one region can quickly affect inflation, employment, and household welfare in Indonesia. Focusing on oil-price shocks and examining how global economic disturbances may alter the traditional relationship between inflation and unemployment, I summarised the results as follows: Globalisation increases economic transmission. Events such as wars, financial crises, pandemics, or supply disruptions can spread across countries through trade, energy markets, exchange rates, and financial flows. Indonesia is therefore highly exposed to external shocks. Indonesia is vulnerable to oil-price shocks. Although Indonesia is a major energy producer, it remains a net importer of crude oil and petroleum products. Rising global oil prices therefore increase transportation and production costs domestically, creating inflationary press...