International Migration and Poverty in Indonesia: The Dominant Role of Structural Factors
We are thrilled to announce that our paper titled "International Migration and Poverty in Indonesia: The Dominant Role of Structural Factors" has been published in Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny or the Migration Studies – Review of Polish Diaspora.
This paper was authored by Hirokazu Nakamura (Faculty of Economics, Saga University, Japan), Chizuko Hayakawa (Faculty of Economics, Saga University, Japan), Inayati Nuraini Dwiputri (Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia), and me.
Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny/Migration Studies – Review of Polish Diaspora is one of Poland's most important and recognisable academic journals devoted to migration, the history of international migration, ethnic relations, and diaspora studies.
It publishes regularly since 1975, and is also the oldest Polish academic journal devoted to these interconnected fields.
Our study investigates the relationship between international migration experience and poverty status in Indonesia especially whether economic gains from migration can be translated into meaningful reductions in poverty or whether poverty outcomes are primarily driven by underlying structural factors.
The study used data from the 2021 Indonesian National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) and analysed using Propensity Score Matching, Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, and Fairlie decomposition.
The findings show that international migration experience does not significantly reduce the likelihood of being below the poverty line at any threshold. The decomposition analysis further supports this interpretation, showing that differences in poverty status are primarily driven by structural characteristics, particularly employment status, marital status, and access to digital technology, rather than migration itself.
The findings also emphasise the importance of heterogeneity. While female migrants appear to have relatively better wage outcomes than males, these gains do not translate into significantly lower poverty rates.
The findings indicate that migration alone is insufficient as a way out of poverty. Instead, poverty outcomes are more strongly shaped by structural socioeconomic factors.
Therefore, policies to reduce poverty should focus on improving labour market conditions, expanding access to skills and digital resources, and addressing gender-based structural barriers.
How to cite: Soseco T., Nakamura H., Hayakawa C., Dwiputri I.N. (2026). International Migration and Poverty in Indonesia: The Dominant Role of Structural Factors, Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny, 3(201): 59–86. DOI: 10.4467/25444972SMPP.26.015.24203

